Abstract

Research Article

Innovative results in the treatment of inespecific anusitis-proctitis with the use of bergamot gel (Benebeo gel)®

Danilo Cafaro, Felipe Celedon, Alessandro Sturiale and Maria Stefania Sinicropi*

Published: 27 November, 2019 | Volume 3 - Issue 1 | Pages: 020-024

Inflammation is a complex biological reaction induced by the alteration of tissue homeostasis, which occurs in response to the presence of a biological, chemical or physical agent in the body [1]. The acute inflammatory response is composed of an elaborate cascade of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, and balance between these mediators often determines the outcome after injury [2]. Generally during acute inflammation, cellular and molecular events and interactions reduce the risk of eventual injuries or infections. However, acute inflammation can become chronic, contributing to a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases [3]. Major micro circulatory events that occur during the inflammatory process include changes in vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment and accumulation, and inflammatory mediator’s release [4]. 

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.icci.1001011 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

References

  1. Maskrey BH, Megson IL, Whitfield PD, Rossi AG. Mechanisms of resolution of inflammation: a focus on cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011; 31: 1001-1006. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508346
  2. Ward PA, Lentsch AB. The acute inflammatory response and its regulation. Arch Surg. 1999; 134: 666-669. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367878
  3. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017; 9: 7204-7218. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29467962
  4. Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen OH, Andersen PS, Girardin SE. Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1beta generation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007; 147: 227-235. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223962
  5. Kriplani P, Guarve K, Baghel US. Novel Herbal Topical Patch containing Curcumin and Arnica Montana for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2019. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30767746
  6. Miller AD, Ly BT, Clark RF. Neonatal hemolysis associated with nursing mother ingestion of arnica tea. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009; 47: 726.
  7. Spigoni V, Mena P, Fantuzzi F, Tassotti M, Brighenti F, et al. Bioavailability of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) Flavanones and Biological Activity of Their Circulating Metabolites in Human Pro-Angiogenic Cells. Nutrients. 2017; 9: 12. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29211032
  8. Formisano C, Rigano D, Lopatriello A, Sirignano C, Ramaschi G, et al. Detailed Phytochemical Characterization of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction (BPF) by UPLC-DAD-MS and LC-NMR. J Agric Food Chem. 2019; 67: 11. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807134
  9. Penninger JL, Zainea GG. Common anorectal conditions: Part II. Lesions. Am Fam Physician. 2001; 64: 77-88. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11456437
  10. Dawson H, Serra S. Tumours and inflammatory lesions of the anal canal and perianal skin revisited: an update and practical approach. Journal of Clinical Pathology; 68: 971-981. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602415
  11. Gattuso G, Caristi C, Gargiulli C, Bellocco E, Toscano G, et al. Flavonoid glycosides in bergamot juice (Citrus bergamia Risso). J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54: 3929-3935. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719517
  12. Dugo P, Presti ML, Ohman M, Fazio A, Dugo G, et al. Determination of flavonoids in citrus juices by micro-HPLC-ESI/MS. J Sep Sci. 2005; 28: 1149-1156. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16116991
  13. Corasaniti MT, Maiuolo J, Maida S, Fratto V, Navarra M, et al. Cell signaling pathways in the mechanisms of neuroprotection afforded by bergamot essential oil against NMDA-induced cell death in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2007; 151: 518-529. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17401440
  14. Navarra M, Femia AP, Romagnoli A, Tortora K, Luceri C, et al. A flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice prevents carcinogenesis in a genetic model of colorectal cancer, the Pirc rat (F344/NTac-Apcam1137). Eur J Nutr. 2019. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30919084
  15. La Russa D, Giordano F, Marrone A, Parafati M, Janda E, et al. Oxidative Imbalance and Kidney Damage in Cafeteria Diet-Induced Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome: Effect of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019; 8. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30884780
  16. Perna S, Spadaccini D, Botteri L, Girometta C, Riva A, et al. Efficacy of bergamot: From anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms to clinical applications as preventive agent for cardiovascular morbidity, skin diseases, and mood alterations. Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 7: 369-384. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30847114
  17. Mirielle CN, Jeremy JJ. Clinical application of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) for reducing high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease markers. Integr Food Nutr Metab. 2019. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31057945
  18. Parafati M, Lascala A, La Russa D, Mignogna C, Trimboli F, et al. Bergamot Polyphenols Boost Therapeutic Effects of the Diet on Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Induced by "Junk Food": Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Nutrients. 2018; 10. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30388763
  19. Daniela I, Marika C, Michela C, Enrico G, Emanuela E, et al. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Bergamot Juice (BJe) in a Mouse Model of Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol. 2016; 7: 203. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27471464
  20. Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Di Paola R, Ahmad A, Campolo M, et al. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of bergamot juice extract (BJe) in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr. 2015; 34: 1146-1154. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491246
  21. Man MQ, Yang B, Elias PM. Benefits of Hesperidin for Cutaneous Functions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019; 2019: 2676307. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31061668
  22. Risitano R, Currò M, Cirmi S, Ferlazzo N, Campiglia P, et al. Flavonoid fraction of Bergamot juice reduces LPS-induced inflammatory response through SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition in THP-1 monocytes. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e107431. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260046
  23. Lorzadeh E, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Mohammadi M, Khoshbakht Y, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of hesperidin supplementation on inflammatory markers in human adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Chem Biol Interact. 2019; 307: 8-15. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991044
  24. Nisticò S, Ehrlich J, Gliozzi M, Maiuolo J, Del Duca E, et al. Telomere And Telomerase Modulation By Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction In Experimental Photoageing In Human Keratinocytes. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2015; 29: 723-728. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26403416
  25. Ittiudomrak T, Puthong S, Roytrakul S, Chanchao C. 15α-Mangostin and Apigenin Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Programmed Cell Death in SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer Cells. Toxicol Res. 2019; 35: 167-179. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31015899
  26. Graziano AC, Cardile V, Crascì L, Caggia S, Dugo P, et al. Protective effects of an extract from Citrus bergamia against inflammatory injury in interferon-γ and histamine exposed human keratinocytes. Life Sci. 2012; 90: 968-974. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22634580
  27. Hiramitsu M, Shimada Y, Kuroyanagi J, Inoue T, Katagiri T, et al. Eriocitrin ameliorates diet-induced hepatic steatosis with activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Sci Rep. 2014; 4: 3708. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424211
  28. Miyake Y. Lemon flavonoid, eriocitrin, suppresses exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Life Sciences.
  29. Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Crucitti M, Cedro C, Zoccali RA, et al. Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction Supplementation Improves Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia: Data From an 8-Week, Open-Label Pilot Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017; 37: 468-471. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28591067
  30. Rombolà L, Tridico L, Scuteri D, Sakurada T, Sakurada S, et al. Bergamot Essential Oil Attenuates Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats. Molecules. 2017; 11: 22. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398260
  31. Navarra M, Ferlazzo N, Cirmi S, Trapasso E, Bramanti P, et al. Effects of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015; 67: 1042-1053. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25808679
  32. Celia C, Trapasso E, Locatelli M, Navarra M, Ventura CA, et al. Anticancer activity of liposomal bergamot essential oil (BEO) on human neuroblastoma cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24099646
  33. Danilo Cafaro; Maria Stefania Sinicropi. Creation and experimentation of mesalazine gel and bergamot flavonoid fraction (Benebeogel®) for the treatment ofnon-specific proctitis. Tech Coloproctol. 2018.
  34. Cafaro D, Sturiale A, Fortuna V, Sinicropi MS, Naldini G. Clinical effect of the bergamot-derived gel (Benebeo gel®)associated with mesalazine for the treatment of anitis and proctitis. Trend Gen Pract. 2018; 2.
  35. Shanley TP, Foreback JL, Remick DG, Ulich TR, Kunkel SL, et al. Regulatory effects of interleukin-6 in immunoglobulin G immune complex-induced lung injury. Am J Pathol. 1997; 151: 193- 203. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9212745
  36. Castellani P, Balza E, Rubartelli A. Inflammation, DAMPs, Tumor Development, and Progression: A Vicious Circle Orchestrated by Redox Signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2014; 20: 1086–1097. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23373831
  37. Tabas I, Glass CK. Anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic disease: Challenges and opportunities. Science. 2013, 339: 166–172. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307734
  38. Oliveira-Marques V, Marinho HS, Cyrne L, Antunes F. Role of hydrogen peroxide in NF-kappaB. Activation: From inducer to modulator. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009, 11, 2223–2243. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496701
  39. Vollgraf, U, Wegner M, Richter-Landsberg C. Activation of AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factors is involved in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death of oligodendrocytes. J. Neurochem. 1999; 73: 2501-2509. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10582611

Figures:

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?